History of Nursing Models

History of Nursing Models

There is no specific date and place nursing theory took place. The evolution of nursing is not a new process, it has been in occurrence since the most basic of medical interventions started to be practiced. Within the western model of nursing there is a clear progression of nursing from mothers, to nuns, to doctor "assistants", to finally being recognized as a separate, complementary role in the medical team. Presently nurses have more autonomy than ever, and on going theory development and an exploration of professional borders are essential for the continued growth of the professional.

Major Nursing Theorists :

* Helen Erickson
* Virginia Henderson
* Imogene King
* Madeleine Leininger
* Betty Neuman
* Dorothea Orem
* Ida Jean Orlando (Pelletier)
* Hildegard Peplau
* Rosemarie Rizzo-Parse
* Isabel Hampton Robb
* Martha E. Rogers
* Callista Roy
* Katharine Kolcaba
* Katie Eriksson
* Dr. Jean Watson
* Paterson & Zderad
* Boykin & Schoenhofer

According to nursing history the most famous of all nurses is Florence Nightingale. Nightingale never actually devised a nursing theory science but was recognized with same by others who considered her personal works and communications into a theoretical framework such as her well-known value of nursing which is Bedside Care Nursing.

en.wikipedia.org

Betty Neuman

Born 1924 near Lowell, Ohio.
In 1947 she received RN Diploma from Peoples Hospital School of Nursing, Akron, Ohio. She then moved to California and gained experience as a hospital, staff, and head nurse; school nurse and industrial nurse; and as a clinical instructor in medical-surgical, critical care and communicable disease nursing. In 1957 Dr. Neuman attended the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) with double major in psychology and public health. She received BS in nursing from UCLA. In 1966 she received Masters degree in Mental Health, Public Health Consultation fom UCLA.
Dr. Neuman is recognized as pioneer in the field of nursing involvement in community mental health. She began developing her model while lecturing in community mental health at UCLA. In 1972 her model was first published as a 'Model for teaching total person approach to patient problems' in Nursing Research. In 1985 she received her doctorate in Clinical Psychology from Pacific Western University. In 1998 she received a second honorary doctorate, this one from Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan.

The Neuman Systems Model was originally developed in 1970 at the University of California, Los Angeles, by Betty Neuman, Ph.D., RN. The model was developed by Dr. Neuman as a way to teach an introductory nursing course to nursing students. The goal of the model was to provide a wholistic overview of the physiological, psychological, sociocultural, and developmental aspects of human beings. After a two-year evaluation of the model, it was published in Nursing Research (Neuman & Young, 1972).

http://nursing-all.blogspot.com
www.nurses.info

Sr. Callista Roy

Sr. Callista Roy is a highly respected nurse theorist, writer, lecturer, researcher and teacher who currently holds the position of Professor and Nurse Theorist at the Boston College School of Nursing in Chestnut Hill, MA. She teaches courses on epistemology of nursing and strategies for creating knowledge at the master's and doctoral levels, as well as directing doctoral dissertation research. Her current scholarly interests include research involving families in the cognitive recovery of patients with mild head injury and nurse coaching as an intervention for patients after ambulatory surgery. In addition, she is also interested in conceptualizing and measuring coping, developing the philosophical basis of adaptation nursing including the distinction between veritivity and relativity, and in group projects on emerging nursing knowledge and practice outcomes.

It has been said that Dr. Roy's name is one of the most recognized worldwide in nursing today, and that she is one of our greatest living thinkers. However, Dr. Roy maintains that her best work "is yet to come" and likely will be accomplished by one of her students. As a theorist, she often emphasizes her primary commitment to define and develop nursing knowledge and regards her work with the Roy Adaptation Model as a rich source of knowledge for clinical nursing. First conceptualized in the 1960s when she was a master's student, Dr. Roy's work on the Roy Adaptation Model for Nursing Practice is ongoing. With the beginning of the 21st Century, Dr. Roy has provided an expanded, values-based concept of adaptation, founded on insights related to the place of the person in the universe. She hopes her redefinition of adaptation, with its cosmic philosophical and scientific assumptions, will become the basis for developing knowledge that will make nursing a major social force in this new century.

Dr. Roy credits her major influences in her personal and professional growth to her family, her religious commitment, and her teachers and mentors. Born at Los Angeles Country General Hospital on October 14, 1939 as the second child and first daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Fabien Roy, she received the middle name Callista, after Saint Callistus, Pope and martyr, from the Roman Catholic Calendar of the day on which she was born. A deep spirit of faith, hope, love and commitment to God and service to others was central in this family of seven boys and seven girls. Her mother was a licensed vocational nurse and instilled the values of always seeking to know more about people and their care and of selfless giving as a nurse. Dr. Roy notes that she also had excellent teachers in parochial schools, high school, and college. At age 14 she began working at a large general hospital, first as a pantry girl, then as a maid, and finally as a nurse's aid. After a soul-searching process of discernment, she decided to enter the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Carondelet, of which she has been a member for more than 40 years. Her college education began in a liberal arts program, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts with a major in nursing at Mount St. Mary's College, in Los Angeles.

Source : http://www2.bc.edu/~royca/htm/biography.htm

Virginia Henderson

1897-1996
Army School of Nursing,
Washington, D.C., 1921

• First full-time nursing instructor in Virginia
• Recipient of the Virginia Historical Nurse Leader Award
• Member of the American Nurses Association Hall of Fame
• Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing
• Authored one of the most widely used definitions of nursing
• Proposed plan to create districts within the Graduate Nurses Association of Virginia (now Virginia Nurses Association)

Virginia Avenel Henderson's national and international achievements made her the quintessential nurse of the twentieth century. Her professional career was launched in Virginia where she served as the first full-time nursing instructor at Norfolk Protestant School of Nursing and took an active role in the state nurses association. A pioneer nurse educator, Henderson was instrumental in pushing for the inclusion of psychiatric nursing in educational programs in Virginia.

"Henderson through her efforts as an author, researcher, scholar, consultant, and beloved teacher has touched the minds and hearts of thousands of nurses. In reading her writings, in listening to her speak, one is impressed with the clarity of her vision, prose, and insight into the nature of nursing's relations to patients."

Source : http://www.library.vcu.edu/

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale, the daughter of the wealthy landowner, William Nightingale of Embly Park, Hampshire, was born in Florence, Italy, on 12th May, 1820. Her father was a Unitarian and a Whig who was involved in the anti-slavery movement. As a child, Florence was very close to her father, who, without a son, treated her as his friend and companion. He took responsibility for her education and taught her Greek, Latin, French, German, Italian, history, philosophy and mathematics.

At seventeen she felt herself to be called by God to some unnamed great cause. Florence's mother, Fanny Nightingale, also came from a staunch Unitarian family. Fanny was a domineering woman who was primarily concerned with finding her daughter a good husband. She was therefore upset by Florence's decision to reject Lord Houghton's offer of marriage. Florence refused to marry several suitors, and at the age of twenty-five told her parents she wanted to become a nurse. Her parents were totally opposed to the idea as nursing was associated with working class women.

Florence's desire to have a career in medicine was reinforced when she met Elizabeth Blackwell at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London. Blackwell was the first woman to qualify as a doctor in the United States. Blackwell, who had to overcome considerable prejudice to achieve her ambition, encouraged her to keep trying and in 1851 Florence's father gave her permission to train as a nurse.

Florence, now thirty-one, went to Kaiserwerth, Germany where she studied to become a nurse at the Institute of Protestant Deaconesses. Two years later she was appointed resident lady superintendent of a hospital for invalid women in Harley Street, London.

In March, 1853, Russia invaded Turkey. Britain and France, concerned about the growing power of Russia, went to Turkey's aid. This conflict became known as the Crimean War. Soon after British soldiers arrived in Turkey, they began going down with cholera and malaria. Within a few weeks an estimated 8,000 men were suffering from these two diseases.

Source : http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk