Basic processes in the development of nursing theories
Nursing theories are often based on & influenced by broadly applicable processes & theories. Following theories are basic to many nursing concepts.
General System Theory
It describes how to break whole things into parts & then to learn how the parts work together in “systems”. These concepts may be applied to different kinds of systems, e.g. Molecules in chemistry, cultures in sociology, and organs in Anatomy & Health in Nursing.
Adaptation Theory
It defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things & to environmental conditions.
Adaptation is a continuously occurring process that effects change & involves interaction & response.
Human adaptation occurs on three levels :
Developmental Theory
Common concepts in nursing theories
Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence & determine nursing practice are:
Each of these concepts is usually defined & described by a nursing theorist, often uniquely; although these concepts are common to all nursing theories. Of the four concepts, the most important is that of the person. The focus of nursing, regardless of definition or theory, is the person.
Diabetes can damage the nerves and blood vessels in your feet. This damage can cause numbness and reduce feeling in your feet. As a result, your feet may not heal well if they are injured. If you get a blister, you may not notice, and it may get worse.
Check your feet every day. Inspect the top, sides, soles, heels, and between the toes. Look for:
If you cannot see well, ask someone else to check your feet.
Call your doctor right way about any foot problems. Do not try to treat them yourself first. Even small sores or blisters can become big problems if infection develops or they do not heal.
Wash your feet every day with lukewarm water and mild soap. Strong soaps may damage the skin.
Ask your health care provider to show you how to trim your toenails.
Most people with diabetes should have corns or calluses treated by a foot doctor. If your doctor has given you permission to treat corns or calluses on your own:
If you smoke, stop. Smoking decreases blood flow to your feet. Talk with your doctor or nurse if you need help quitting.
Do not use a heating pad or hot water bottle on your feet. Do not walk barefoot, especially on hot pavement or hot sandy beaches. Remove your shoes and socks during visits to your health care provider so that they can check your feet.
Source : http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000081.htm
Each time your heart beats, the contractions and relaxations of the heart muscle emit electrical current. An electrocardiogram (EKG) is a medical recording of the electric impulses from the heart. Electrodes that send impulses to the EKG machine are attached to the patient�s skin at various points on the body. Those recorded currents are displayed on a computer monitor and can be printed out on special graph paper. Your heart�s electrical currents are recorded on the graph paper as an EKG. Qualified medical staff interpret the graphed results to determine any irregularities.
Most EKGs are performed in a critical care facility, telemetry or any place that a particular patient needs to be monitored. EKGs can help your doctor determine the status of your heart health. By graphing the electrical impulses of the heart, doctors and other trained medical staff are able to see the presence of any abnormalities. The EKG recording often reveals the scars of past heart attacks and other heart damage. Although the test cannot predict future heart attacks or other heart problems, a combination of family history and additional examinations may give your doctor a good idea of what to expect.
Individuals experiencing chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness or heart palpitations will likely be referred for an EKG by their doctor. An EKG is a rapid and safe way to determine if a heart attack is occurring. Those reporting these types of symptoms will likely be referred to the nearest Emergency Room for further evaluation. If your doctor does not think your symptoms indicate a life-threatening situation, you may be asked to make an appointment with an EKG specialist for further observation.
An EKG is a very simple and painless procedure. The patients are instructed to lie face up on an examination table while electrodes are strategically placed at various points on their body. The electrodes are attached to cables and the cables are attached to the EKG machine. The electrodes send electronic impulses to the machine and results in a printed graph, which is a picture of your heart function. The procedure usually takes 15 to 20 minutes but may require a longer visit if the technician needs additional testing data. A stress test is a normal EKG procedure that requires the patient perform moderate exercise while recording heart rhythms.
EKG Reading provides detailed information on EKG, EKG Reading, EKG Interpretation, EKG Machine and more. EKG Reading is affiliated with ECG Cross Reference.
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Corteza auditiva primaria: 41 - 42
Dr Margaret Chan
Director-General of the World Health Organization
Excellencies, distinguished members of the Review Committee, representatives of member states, colleagues in the UN system, representatives of nongovernmental organizations, members of the media, ladies and gentlemen,
I am pleased to welcome you to the start of this review process. I am also pleased to see such a broad range of interests and expertise represented in this room.
This has been the first influenza pandemic in four decades. This has been the first major test of the functioning of the revised International Health Regulations, which entered into force in 2007.
The International Health Regulations have a provision that calls for a review of their functioning no later than five years after their entry into force. In 2008, the World Health Assembly decided that this first review should be undertaken by the Sixty-third World Health Assembly in May 2010.
As you know, this provision and this decision were in place prior to the onset of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.
During the January 2010 session of the Executive Board, I proposed that the scheduled IHR review could also be used to assess the international response to the influenza pandemic. The Executive Board agreed to this proposal.
I believe there is merit in assessing the performance of an international instrument, like the IHR, when put to an extreme test by a widespread and closely scrutinized infectious disease event.
As I have said before, this has been the most closely watched and carefully scrutinized pandemic in history. This gives us a vast body of scientific, clinical, and epidemiological data to assess.
Moreover, the pandemic’s spread was rapidly global. To date, laboratory confirmed cases of H1N1 pandemic influenza have been officially reported from 213 countries and overseas territories or communities. This gives us a vast and varied experience to assess.
The outbreak of SARS, the first severe new disease of the 21st century, occurred in 2003 while drafting of the revised Regulations was under way. Experiences during that outbreak led to many refinements in the Regulations, including the introduction of a system of checks and balances to ensure that no one, myself included, has unfettered power.
I see potential advantages in assessing the performance of the Regulations with a particular focus on the influenza pandemic and how it was managed, especially at the international level by WHO. When the performance of the IHR is assessed under the challenging conditions of an influenza pandemic, specific strengths and weaknesses are likely to come to light.
Ladies and gentlemen,
In planning and organizing this review, WHO aimed to facilitate a process that is independent, credible, and transparent. We want a frank and critical assessment. WHO is not defining or restricting the scope of specific issues that may arise. If our member states have questions or concerns, we want to hear these questions and concerns raised.
We are seeking lessons, about how the IHR has functioned, about how WHO and the international community responded to the pandemic, that can aid the management of future public health emergencies of international concern. And I can assure you: there will be more.
We want to know what worked well. We want to know what went wrong and, ideally, why. We want to know what can be done better and, ideally, how.
In a spirit of inclusiveness, this meeting has been opened to a range of organizations and agencies interested in improving our collective management of public health emergencies. We want to hear your views as well.
To support the credibility and independent nature of the review process, the Secretariat has been diligent in inviting a membership in this committee that is geographically balanced, that includes the views and experiences of developing and developed countries, and that represents a broad range of scientific expertise and practical experience in multiple disciplines.
The Secretariat has also been especially vigilant in seeking out possible conflicts of interest among committee members.
As I said, we want a frank, critical, transparent, credible and independent review of our performance, as well as that of the International Health Regulations. The Secretariat will do everything it can to facilitate such a process.
Thank you.
Source : http://www.who.int
Healthcare careers are booming and nursing is one of the fastest growing occupations projected in next 5 years. Qualified nurses are highly in demand, thus if you are considering a job in nursing, you definitely are in the right career path.
One thing to take note is nursing jobs are a time-honored profession and a nurse must be dedicated and diligent. You must be a kind of person who can give an extra ounce of energy in order to be successfully in your nursing career path.
There are many nursing career options for you to participate in and you can select a working environment that suits your tastes and preferences. Among the common nursing jobs are:
